renal diet for dogs with kidney disease

Dietary Guidelines for Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

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Kidney Disease in Dogs: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

Your dogs kidneys are essential organs that filter waste products from the bloodstream. When the kidneys are weakened, either by acute or chronic kidney disease, your dogs health could suffer. Because kidney disease progresses over time, its important to learn the common symptoms so tha you can recognize them. If you catch kidney disease in dogs early on, treatment can slow down the progression and allow your dog to live longer.

What Is Kidney Disease in Dogs?

Kidney disease in dogs is sometimes called renal or kidney insufficiency because it occurs when a dogs kidneys stop doing their job as efficiently as they should. The main job of the kidneys is to help clear and excrete waste products from the blood and convert them to urine, says Dr. Jerry Klein, Chief Veterinary Officer for the AKC. If the kidneys are not working properly, these waste products can build up in the blood, causing detrimental effects.

Dogs can get either acute kidney disease, which develops suddenly, or chronic kidney disease (CKD), which develops slowly and worsens over an extended period. Both involve loss of kidney function, but they result from different circumstances. Acute kidney disease is a sudden attack or injury to the kidney, whereas chronic kidney disease is a slow, degenerative loss of kidney function, Dr. Klein explains.

What Causes Kidney Disease in Dogs?

Dr. Klein warns that kidney disease could be caused by a lot of things, including infection (such as with the bacteria that causes leptospirosis), trauma, genetics, drugs, toxins, cancer, mechanical obstructions (like kidney stones), and degenerative diseases (where the job and form of the affected body part get worse over time). Anything that decreases blood flow to the kidneys, such as dehydration or heatstroke, can cause the kidneys to fail.

Acute kidney disease in dogs can be caused by exposure to hazardous materials, including toxic plants such as lilies, certain drugs, harmful foods such as grapes or raisins, or antifreeze. Puppy-proofing your home and yard can keep your dog away from potentially harmful items or foods that could be toxic.

Chronic kidney disease in dogs is also associated with growing older. Because kidney tissue cant regenerate once its damaged, the kidneys can wear out over time. As small-breed dogs often live longer than large-breed dogs, they tend to show early signs of kidney disease at an older age10 years old or more, compared to as young as 7 for the large breeds.

What Are the Symptoms of Kidney Disease in Dogs?

The earliest signs of kidney disease in dogs are increased urination and therefore increased thirst. Other symptoms dont usually become apparent until about two-thirds of the kidney tissue is destroyed. So, in the case of CKD, the damage may have begun months or even years before the owner notices. Because of this, its common for the signs of kidney disease in dogs to seem like they came out of the blue when in fact, the kidneys have been struggling for a long time.

Other signs of chronic kidney disease in dogs to watch for include:

Dr. Klein says there are some rarer symptoms of kidney disease in dogs to be aware of, as well. On occasion, there can be abdominal painurinary obstructions or stonesand in certain instances, one can see ulcers in the oral or gastric cavity. In extreme cases, little or no urine is produced at all.

What Are the Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs?

Kidney disease in dogs is measured in stages. Many veterinarians use the IRIS scale, which has four stages. Blood work measurements like creatinine and SDMA (biomarkers for kidney function) allow your vet to assign your dog to a particular stage which will determine the exact treatment.

Dr. Klein explains, The stages determine how well the kidneys can filter waste and extra fluid from the blood. As the stages go up, the kidney function worsens. In the early stages of CKD, the kidneys are still able to filter out waste from the blood. In the latter stages, the kidneys must work harder to filter the blood and in late stages may stop working altogether.

How Is Kidney Disease in Dogs Treated?

Dialysis (a medical procedure that removes waste products and extra fluid from the blood) is far more common in humans than in dogs, although peritoneal (kidney) dialysis can be performed in some cases. On rare occasions, surgical kidney transplant is possible in dogs.

But Dr. Klein specifies that depending on the type and stage of kidney disease, the main treatments for CKD are diet changes and administration of fluids, either directly into the veins (intravenous) or under the skin (subcutaneous). The balancing and correction of electrolytes are extremely important in the management of kidney patients, he explains.

Proper nutrition is needed, and there are many available diets formulated for cats and dogs with kidney issues, some by prescription only. Your veterinarian can help guide you to the most appropriate diet for your pet.

Because kidney disease, particularly in the late stages, can cause a dog to lose their appetite, it can be difficult to encourage your dog to eat enough. Dr. Klein advises, There are medications used as appetite stimulators available, such as the prescription drug mirtazapine. Capromorelin has recently been FDA-approved for dogs to address appetite in chronic kidney disease.

When Do You Need to Call Your Vet?

The prognosis and expected life span for a dog with kidney disease depend on the type of disease, the speed of progression, and underlying conditions present in the dog. However, the more serious the disease, the poorer the outcome. Thats why its so crucial to catch the illness early on.

According to Dr. Klein, In chronic kidney disease, there are methods, such as diets and medications, that can be used to lessen the burden of work the kidneys need to do and may help slow down the progression from one stage to the next. In acute kidney disease, there is less time and fewer choices available to prevent further damage to the kidneys and to try to jump-start the kidneys to get them to function normally.

Regular veterinary exams, including bloodwork, are an excellent way to spot kidney problems before the outward symptoms become apparent. And if you notice any of the above signs, dont hesitate to get your dog to the vet for further testing. It can make a huge difference in preserving kidney function and your dogs well-being for as long as possible.

How to Feed Dogs With Kidney Disease

How to feed dogs with kidney disease? What should they avoid?

One of the more common serious health problems for dogs is kidney disease, which affects more pets than people realize.

According to WebMD, dogs may experience either acute or chronic kidney issues.

While chronic kidney failure develops slowly over time, acute kidney failure occurs suddenly over a few days.

The most frequent cause of acute renal issues in dogs is toxin ingestion.

It might be a chemical, such as antifreeze, cleaning supplies, or contaminated food.

Older dogs are more likely to develop chronic renal disease, and because it usually manifests slowly, it can be challenging to identify the specific cause.

A proper dog kidney disease diet will be one of the crucial treatments to get your pooch on the path toward recovery.

What is Kidney Disease?

Kidneys are organs with the basic function of eliminating waste and toxins from the dog's body.

Any health issue that affects this process can be classified as kidney disease.

It can be referred to as kidney failure in dogs, renal failure, renal disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and similar.

Many things can cause kidney disease in dogs, including birth defects, poor diet, high blood pressure, bacterial infections, and diseases associated with the canine's immune system (Ettinger, Feldman; 2010).

Symptoms of kidney disease include drinking more, frequent urination, weight loss, vomiting, and decreased appetite.

If you suspect that your dog is suffering from a kidney-related problem, take him to your vet to get the right diagnosis.

This article will not explain kidney disease.

To learn more, read other vet's science-based guides on Kidney Failure in Dogs for symptoms, diagnosis, treatments (including at-home remedies), and more.

Instead, I will walk you through the most crucial part of dealing with this problem.

Proper dog kidney disease diet, what it entails, and how to feed dogs with kidney disease, including a homemade kidney diet for dogs.

How to Feed Dogs With Kidney Disease

The two are closely related (Polzin et al. 2013); therefore, a dog kidney disease diet is a big part of essential treatment that's often required for any canine with kidney problems to get better.

Remember that it's very important for you to discuss this with your vet.

Listen to the vet's advice because every pet is different, and not every homemade kidney diet for dogs will work for your pooch.

Dietary Guidelines for Dogs with Kidney Disease

There is a very specific evidence-based set of guidelines and dietary plansdeveloped by vets that need to be followed to treat dogs with kidney disease.

While you can follow the below guidelines to understand the concept of a dog kidney disease diet, make sure to go over this dietary plan with your vet.

I will also make it easy for you to understand.

We cannot advise here the exact amount of food needed for your specific dog, but your vet can help you determine the best portion sizes daily.

The vet can also help you choose the kidney-friendly dog food brand or go over this homemade kidney diet for dogs if cooking yourself to see if it's the right and safe fit for your Fido.

The current scientific and veterinary consensus on the treatment diet for dogs with kidney disease is as follows (Jacob et al. 2002):

Reduce phosphorus

Phosphorus is one of the most common minerals in the dog's body, and it's essential to many health functions.

However, it can also stress the dog's kidneys, and when dealing with chronic renal failure, the stress needs to be reduced.

Less protein

Based on the above, reducing the amount of protein intake will subsequently reduce the amount of phosphorus in the dog's body.

Less salt

Sodium (salt), similar to phosphorus, will put extra pressure on kidneys by forcing them to work more.

Therefore, including less salt in your dog's diet will relieve some of the work from his kidneys.

Include omega-3s

Studies have shown that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can help the function of kidneys and assist with dog kidney disease in general.

This includes feeding foods higher in omega-3 fatty acids or using fish oil dog supplements.

A regular dosage can be used as indicated on the supplement.

Calcitriol supplementation

This will likely be administered by your vet if needed.

The calcitriol is specifically used for patients with kidney problems, both humans and dogs.

Your veterinarian will recommend how to use this supplement, if at all.

Furthermore, dogs with kidney disease should stay in shape, and you must relieve stress from digesting food and processing liquids.

The best thing to do is lower the amount of food in a single portion and increase the number of meals per day (4-5 times a day).

That will make digestion easier and faster for a dog with kidney disease.

Most dog foods for kidney disease are developed with the above science-based instructions in mind.

They will be low in protein, low in phosphorus, and low in salt and include different supplements and ingredients shown to alleviate the stress on the kidneys.

However, commercial food isn't essential if you know how to make a dog kidney disease diet yourself, following the vet's guidelines (as outlined in this TVP article).

Healthy water intake should be encouraged. Thus, water needs to be accessible to your Fido at all times.

Use purified or distilled water because tap or well water can sometimes be high in added minerals that are bad for dogs with kidney disease.

You can also use bottled water, but keep in mind that it is extremely important that your dog is hydrated at all times.

Dehydration will further complicate the kidney disease problem.

Important Nutrients

Protein

Debate is still on when it comes to the amount of protein that dogs with kidney disease should have (Foley, 2008).

Today, most vets generally agree that an extremely low-protein diet is unnecessary unless your canine is uremic, but they would often recommend slightly lowering the protein intake anyway.

The safest bet is a dog kidney disease diet that has a moderate level of protein (not too high and not too low).

However, it is important that you feed high-quality protein to your dog.

Meat is always a great place to start, whether raw (safe) or cooked/prepared meat for your homemade kidney diet for dogs.

Eggs are a good source of high-quality protein, but egg yolks are also very high in phosphorus, so it is best to stick to egg whites and limit egg yolks.

Fat

The amount of fat you should feed your dog will depend on his weight and activity level.

If he is overweight or inactive, stick to moderate fat intake.

If he is in good shape and really active, you can increase his fat intake because fat is a healthy source of energy (but high in calories) and is low in phosphorus.

Keep in mind that increasing fat, especially containing sources of omega-3 fatty acids, has been shown to help with kidney disease in dogs.

Too much fat can be bad for some pets, especially for their digestive system.

An increased amount of fat may cause diarrhea or mucus in stools.

Dogs with a predisposition to pancreatitis cant handle a lot of fat in their dog kidney disease diet.

If you want to increase your dogs fat intake, you need to do it gradually and carefully, hopefully, as your vet monitors your pet's health.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are not nutritionally necessary for dogs as they get their energy from fat and protein, but for dogs with kidney disease, you must include carbs.

Research shows that vets recommend a dog kidney disease diet with up to 50% of carbs.

They're a good source of calories for dogs with CKD because most foods are low in phosphorous.

These foods will include vegetables and fruits, as well as appropriate grains.

Phosphorus and Calcium

As discussed above, studies show how a low-phosphorus diet had positive results in slowing down the progression of kidney disease in dogs.

Foods high in phosphorous include dairy products, bones, fish with bones, egg yolks, and organ meat (among others).

When structuring a dog kidney disease diet, these foods should be highly limited or avoided completely, depending on the stage of the kidney disease.

You also need to keep track of the phosphorous in the grains and vegetables that you give your dog.

While most carb sources will generally contain low to none of it, some foods still may be a source of phosphorus minerals.

It is best to stick to 10 mg per pound of bodyweight phosphorous in your dogs daily diet.

Calcium is very important because it acts as a phosphorus binder.

Lack of calcium in the dog's diet will often lead to an excess of phosphorus minerals in the body, which then can cause problems with the kidneys.

You can simply add half a teaspoon of ground eggshell per pound of food in each meal or use calcium supplements or other calcium-heavy foods.

Dont use bones as a source of calcium because they are high in phosphorus.

SIMILAR:Guidelines and Diet for Dogs with Struvite Crystals

Structuring Dog Kidney Disease Diet

Even though dogs with kidney disease can eat almost anything in moderation (with a few adjustments discussed above), some foods are better than others for your dog (Yabuki et al. 2010).

You can use the above-mentioned guidelines to understand better how to make your own homemade kidney diet for dogs.

But here are some foods specifically that you should probably include and others to avoid altogether.

Foods to Include

There are many foods you can include in a dog kidney disease diet, but here are some ideas to get you started.

Meats

Include fatty meats like lamb, pork, or beef.

You can also include dark meat turkey or chicken since they contain more fat than white meat and dont avoid the skin as well.

Chicken has the highest amount of phosphorus of all these meats, so be careful with it.

Dairy

Dairy products can be included, but they must be given in moderation.

Use cottage cheese or ricotta cheese, and go for the low-salt option.

Yogurt is also good, especially if your dog also has digestive problems.

Yogurt has good bacteria, which can help regulate his digestion, but probiotic supplements will have a much higher concentration of bacteria.

Vegetables

Include cabbage in your dogs diet because it can be good for ulcers, which are a common occurrence in dogs with kidney disease.

Include other vegetables like asparagus, beet, broccoli, pumpkin, squash, celery, carrots, and other vegetables that contain fiber.

Fruits

Fruits like apples, mango, peach, pineapple, and pear are also good for your dog.

Cranberries are good for dogs that often develop urinary tract infections, and they can also be good for their kidneys.

Bananas are high in potassium, which is good for your dogs water balance.

Wheat/Grain

In this instance, white rice is better than brown rice because it is lower in phosphorous.

Most other grains should be avoided or extremely limited because of their phosphorus levels.

Pasta, especially if you add a bit of butter to make it tastier for your dog, is a great choice for a dog kidney disease diet-friendly meal with low-phosphorus calories.

Omega-3s

Fish oil is great for your dogs kidneys because it contains large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids.

Fish itself is also a great source of omega-3, but you should avoid fish with bones since bones are high in phosphorous.

Avoid fish liver oil as well. Coconut oil can also be good for your dog.

Treats

Dog treats are fine in moderation.

Make sure they are NOT a regular part of your dogs diet, and carefully pick those that are friendly for your structured dog kidney disease diet; choose healthy dog treats with beneficial ingredients.

Natural treats are good choices, too rice cakes, for example, are a great option you can give to your dog because they are low in phosphorous.

Other options

Adding a bit of alfalfa or kelp can also be good, but you should do it once or twice a week only because alfalfa can act as a diuretic, and kelp contains sodium.

Green tripe is an excellent addition to your dogs diet because it is really low in phosphorous, and dogs usually enjoy it.

It can even help anorexic dogs develop an appetite.

Foods to Avoid

Sodium (salt) is dangerous for dogs with kidney disease, and many vets recommend a low-sodium diet and generally carefully monitor your pet's salt intake.

However, removing salt from the dog's diet is also harmful to your Fido.

I would recommend a diet with a medium sodium intake, around 3.2 grams of sodium per 1,000 calories, which has been supported by studies mentioned in the above references.

Remember that reducing sodium should be done gradually, or it can cause dehydration or even a renal crisis.

Avoid vegetable oils because they are high in omega-6 fatty acids, which can be inflammatory and are generally not a good source of fat for dogs.

The same goes for fish liver oils, especially cod liver oil.

If your dogs diet is based on raw and meaty bones, you should consider lowering the amount of bone fed.

If your dogs kidney disease progresses, you should completely eliminate bones from his diet.

Bones are really high in phosphorous and other minerals, and that can be hard on a dog's kidneys.

ALSO READ:How to Feed Dogs With Renal Disease and Kidney Problems

Best Dog Kidney Disease Diet

When planning a diet for a dog with kidney disease, you can choose between homemade meals (see below), commercial dog foods, or a combination of both.

Discuss with your veterinarian what would be an appropriate option in your pet's case.

Some of the best dog food for kidney disease brands currently are:

Homemade Dog Kidney Disease Diet

Commercial dog food brands are an easier option, and most vets agree that it's the safest way to structure a dog's kidney disease diet because you don't need to do any guesswork.

However, if you'd rather cook for your pooch, then you can do that as well.

Whether you choose to feed your dog raw meat or cooked meat, making a homemade meal for him means that you know exactly what he eats and how much of everything he consumes.

I'll include my personal favorite dog kidney disease diet recipe below, but you can also take a look at these four recipes from Samantha (they have videos with instructions):

Ground Beef with Rice Recipe

This homemade kidney diet for dogs recipe is full of good protein sources and low in phosphorous, which makes it great for dogs with kidney disease.

Ingredients

• 2 pounds lean ground beef
• 12-15 egg whites
• 1 pound of green beans
• 2 cups of rice
• 2 of acorn squash
• 3 tablespoons coconut oil
• 1/2 cup of fresh parsley
• 1 apple
• Pinch of fresh ground pepper

Preparation

The first thing to do is to cook rice. Put it in boiling water and let it simmer for 15 minutes.

While the rice cooks, you can wash and chop the parsley.

When the rice is done, just add parsley to it and mix.

Cut the squash in half and get rid of the seeds.

Then, cut it into strips and peel the skin off.

Cut the squash into small cubes and put it in a pot with water. A medium pot filled to half is best.

Let the water boil, and then let the squash simmer for 20 minutes. Steam the green beans.

Fry the ground beef in a frying pan for 10 minutes and season it with ground pepper.

Let the meat cool off, and dont drain the fat.

When all ingredients cool off and become warm, put the squash, meat, and green beans in a blender or food processor and puree the mixture until it becomes smooth. Add the puree to the rice mixture. In the same pan where you fried the beef, melt the coconut oil, and then add the egg whites and scramble them for around 4 minutes.

Add the egg whites to the other ingredients and stir them in.

Let it cool off a bit, and serve it to your pooch.

Dog Kidney Disease Diet: Key Takeaways

• You can prepare a diet for a dog with kidney illness that combinescommercial dog food and homemade meals.
• If the main component of your dog's diet is raw, meaty bones, you might want to reduce the quantity you feed him.
• For your homemade kidney diet for dogs, meatwhether raw (safe) or cooked/preparedis always a fantastic place to start.

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