low fat renal diet dog
The fat-sensitive renal patient
SEB is an 11-year-old MN English Bull Terrier who can do no wrong by his owner. Hes a lively chap regardless of growing long in the tooth and has always been a lover of food.
You and I would dub him a scavenger or at least prone to episodes of dietary indiscretion.
A colleague has described Seb as a grumbling pancreatitis case in his clinical history but youre not so sure on this point. On at least two occasions he has presented as an acute abdomen with profuse diarrhoea and a period of anorexia after grabbing a sausage from the dinner table or eating two steak pasties while playing with the kids.
On the most recent episode, Seb was recommended and is now being fed a low-fat formula (with the extras the owner insists upon of course!) and youre mindful that walks for Seb are a minefield as (contrary to your strong advice) you often see him out without a lead, rummaging through whatever he can find, introducing himself to strangers all the way. For this reason you mentioned a Baskerville muzzle in last years health check. Today hes in for a lump removal and has dutifully allowed pre-op bloods to be taken as per your practice protocol for any dog over seven years old. Bloods come back insignificant except for: (1) mildly elevated PCV and (2) a creatinine above the reference range at 150umol/L. Given this is a starved sample and you feel Seb is pretty well hydrated, your renal alarm bells start ringing.
To step back for a moment, Id like to highlight Seb as a typical case often presented to our nutritional helpline. Many a fat-sensitive patient is managed well on a low-fat formula recommended years ago after a bout of intolerance.
On responding so well to a diet which is usually a highly digestible gastrointestinal formula, its understandable that some are reluctant to move to another food or challenge the loose pancreatitis suspicion further.
Your renal workup has disclosed a consistently low USG and a UP/C which suggests that Seb has IRIS stage 2 renal disease. Given that a high proportion of his nephrons are currently not functioning at this stage, kidney workload should be minimised as soon as possible.
So regardless of how you might proceed with managing Sebs lump removal, there will be the question of Now what do I feed him? hanging over you before you discharge him from the surgery.
Slowing the progression
Much literature attests that we can slow the progression of nephron damage by transitioning to a renal diet, so you reach for that as a knee-jerk reaction. But will this risk a GI intolerance? Indeed, the product book highlights that this diet isnt suitable for dogs with pancreatitis!
There are a couple of questions to consider in Sebs case before we make a dietary recommendation. Lets first assess the issue of pancreatitis. While its a common condition, without a definitive work-up we cant be absolutely sure if were dealing with a chronic pancreatitis case, a series of acute flares or just simply a fat intolerance brought on by dietary indiscretion. All we know is that a fatty meal has coincided with an upset and is resolved on the gastrointestinal low-fat diet.
Without knowledge of what Seb was originally fed (which very well could have had a significantly greater fat content or included many high-fat table scraps for example), theres no saying whether a simple move to consistent feeding of a decent quality, high digestibility, lower fat food of any description might have achieved the same result.
A work-up should always be considered (PLI, ultrasound, cytology/histopathology) and hypertriglycerideamia noted as the major indication that we should restrict dietary fat (to <15% fat on a dry matter basis is the general consensus).
Low-fat diets are one of the mainstays of managing dogs with chronic pancreatitis; however, the necessity to do so in nonhypertriglyceridaemic acute pancreatitis cases is yet to be proven necessary.
In Sebs case we might consider either taking those further steps in bloodwork or, given the likelihood that simply scavenging high-fat foods has led to his gut sensitivity, we might consider challenging him with a slightly higherfat maintenance diet (while eliminating all other sources of food).
Given we now have a second clinical condition to consider and that the evidence supporting the dietary management of dogs (and cats) with chronic kidney disease is so remarkable, the question of what food to recommend can be stretching.
A slower decline in renal function, reduced uraemic signs and lower mortality has been noted in dogs fed a renal diet. Given that there is now a plethora of renal products of varying fat levels available on the veterinary market, selecting the lowest fat option for Seb makes sense.
This is a recommendation not taken lightly and we should put a system in place for both practice staff and his owner to monitor Sebs (gastrointestinal) response over the next month.
We are all presented with patients who on the surface have conflicting interests, or two or three priorities, all needing simultaneous attention. We know that a systematic, evidence-based approach should be taken and whats most important is that we realise each patient deserves a tailored approach, regular review and a bit of research in between.
Lets remember that rarely does a one-size-fits-all approach to nutrition work and we should take advantage of all of the options available, seeking owner feedback and monitoring progress along the way.
References and further reading
Hernandez, J., Pastor, J., Simpson, K. and Watson, P. (2010) Main Pitfalls in the Management of Pancreatitis. Focus Special Edition: Royal Canin, Aimargues. IRIS staging of CKD: available at www.iris-kidney.com/guidelines/staging.shtml. Accessed 10th Feb., 2015.
Jacob, F. et al (2002) Clinical evaluation of dietary modification for treatment of spontaneous chronic renal failure in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Association 220 (8): 1,163- 1,170.
Jensen, K. and Chan, D. (2014) Nutritional management of acute pancreatitis in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 24 (3): 240-50.
How to Feed Dogs With Kidney Disease
How to feed dogs with kidney disease? What should they avoid?
One of the more common serious health problems for dogs is kidney disease, which affects more pets than people realize.
According to WebMD, dogs may experience either acute or chronic kidney issues.
While chronic kidney failure develops slowly over time, acute kidney failure occurs suddenly over a few days.
The most frequent cause of acute renal issues in dogs is toxin ingestion.
It might be a chemical, such as antifreeze, cleaning supplies, or contaminated food.
Older dogs are more likely to develop chronic renal disease, and because it usually manifests slowly, it can be challenging to identify the specific cause.
A proper dog kidney disease diet will be one of the crucial treatments to get your pooch on the path toward recovery.
What is Kidney Disease?
Kidneys are organs with the basic function of eliminating waste and toxins from the dog's body.
Any health issue that affects this process can be classified as kidney disease.
It can be referred to as kidney failure in dogs, renal failure, renal disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and similar.
Many things can cause kidney disease in dogs, including birth defects, poor diet, high blood pressure, bacterial infections, and diseases associated with the canine's immune system (Ettinger, Feldman; 2010).
Symptoms of kidney disease include drinking more, frequent urination, weight loss, vomiting, and decreased appetite.
If you suspect that your dog is suffering from a kidney-related problem, take him to your vet to get the right diagnosis.
This article will not explain kidney disease.
To learn more, read other vet's science-based guides on Kidney Failure in Dogs for symptoms, diagnosis, treatments (including at-home remedies), and more.
Instead, I will walk you through the most crucial part of dealing with this problem.
Proper dog kidney disease diet, what it entails, and how to feed dogs with kidney disease, including a homemade kidney diet for dogs.
How to Feed Dogs With Kidney Disease
The two are closely related (Polzin et al. 2013); therefore, a dog kidney disease diet is a big part of essential treatment that's often required for any canine with kidney problems to get better.
Remember that it's very important for you to discuss this with your vet.
Listen to the vet's advice because every pet is different, and not every homemade kidney diet for dogs will work for your pooch.
Dietary Guidelines for Dogs with Kidney Disease
There is a very specific evidence-based set of guidelines and dietary plansdeveloped by vets that need to be followed to treat dogs with kidney disease.
While you can follow the below guidelines to understand the concept of a dog kidney disease diet, make sure to go over this dietary plan with your vet.
I will also make it easy for you to understand.
We cannot advise here the exact amount of food needed for your specific dog, but your vet can help you determine the best portion sizes daily.
The vet can also help you choose the kidney-friendly dog food brand or go over this homemade kidney diet for dogs if cooking yourself to see if it's the right and safe fit for your Fido.
The current scientific and veterinary consensus on the treatment diet for dogs with kidney disease is as follows (Jacob et al. 2002):
Reduce phosphorus
Phosphorus is one of the most common minerals in the dog's body, and it's essential to many health functions.
However, it can also stress the dog's kidneys, and when dealing with chronic renal failure, the stress needs to be reduced.
Less protein
Based on the above, reducing the amount of protein intake will subsequently reduce the amount of phosphorus in the dog's body.
Less salt
Sodium (salt), similar to phosphorus, will put extra pressure on kidneys by forcing them to work more.
Therefore, including less salt in your dog's diet will relieve some of the work from his kidneys.
Include omega-3s
Studies have shown that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can help the function of kidneys and assist with dog kidney disease in general.
This includes feeding foods higher in omega-3 fatty acids or using fish oil dog supplements.
A regular dosage can be used as indicated on the supplement.
Calcitriol supplementation
This will likely be administered by your vet if needed.
The calcitriol is specifically used for patients with kidney problems, both humans and dogs.
Your veterinarian will recommend how to use this supplement, if at all.
Furthermore, dogs with kidney disease should stay in shape, and you must relieve stress from digesting food and processing liquids.
The best thing to do is lower the amount of food in a single portion and increase the number of meals per day (4-5 times a day).
That will make digestion easier and faster for a dog with kidney disease.
Most dog foods for kidney disease are developed with the above science-based instructions in mind.
They will be low in protein, low in phosphorus, and low in salt and include different supplements and ingredients shown to alleviate the stress on the kidneys.
However, commercial food isn't essential if you know how to make a dog kidney disease diet yourself, following the vet's guidelines (as outlined in this TVP article).
Healthy water intake should be encouraged. Thus, water needs to be accessible to your Fido at all times.
Use purified or distilled water because tap or well water can sometimes be high in added minerals that are bad for dogs with kidney disease.
You can also use bottled water, but keep in mind that it is extremely important that your dog is hydrated at all times.
Dehydration will further complicate the kidney disease problem.
Important Nutrients
Protein
Debate is still on when it comes to the amount of protein that dogs with kidney disease should have (Foley, 2008).
Today, most vets generally agree that an extremely low-protein diet is unnecessary unless your canine is uremic, but they would often recommend slightly lowering the protein intake anyway.
The safest bet is a dog kidney disease diet that has a moderate level of protein (not too high and not too low).
However, it is important that you feed high-quality protein to your dog.
Meat is always a great place to start, whether raw (safe) or cooked/prepared meat for your homemade kidney diet for dogs.
Eggs are a good source of high-quality protein, but egg yolks are also very high in phosphorus, so it is best to stick to egg whites and limit egg yolks.
Fat
The amount of fat you should feed your dog will depend on his weight and activity level.
If he is overweight or inactive, stick to moderate fat intake.
If he is in good shape and really active, you can increase his fat intake because fat is a healthy source of energy (but high in calories) and is low in phosphorus.
Keep in mind that increasing fat, especially containing sources of omega-3 fatty acids, has been shown to help with kidney disease in dogs.
Too much fat can be bad for some pets, especially for their digestive system.
An increased amount of fat may cause diarrhea or mucus in stools.
Dogs with a predisposition to pancreatitis cant handle a lot of fat in their dog kidney disease diet.
If you want to increase your dogs fat intake, you need to do it gradually and carefully, hopefully, as your vet monitors your pet's health.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are not nutritionally necessary for dogs as they get their energy from fat and protein, but for dogs with kidney disease, you must include carbs.
Research shows that vets recommend a dog kidney disease diet with up to 50% of carbs.
They're a good source of calories for dogs with CKD because most foods are low in phosphorous.
These foods will include vegetables and fruits, as well as appropriate grains.
Phosphorus and Calcium
As discussed above, studies show how a low-phosphorus diet had positive results in slowing down the progression of kidney disease in dogs.
Foods high in phosphorous include dairy products, bones, fish with bones, egg yolks, and organ meat (among others).
When structuring a dog kidney disease diet, these foods should be highly limited or avoided completely, depending on the stage of the kidney disease.
You also need to keep track of the phosphorous in the grains and vegetables that you give your dog.
While most carb sources will generally contain low to none of it, some foods still may be a source of phosphorus minerals.
It is best to stick to 10 mg per pound of bodyweight phosphorous in your dogs daily diet.
Calcium is very important because it acts as a phosphorus binder.
Lack of calcium in the dog's diet will often lead to an excess of phosphorus minerals in the body, which then can cause problems with the kidneys.
You can simply add half a teaspoon of ground eggshell per pound of food in each meal or use calcium supplements or other calcium-heavy foods.
Dont use bones as a source of calcium because they are high in phosphorus.
SIMILAR:Guidelines and Diet for Dogs with Struvite Crystals
Structuring Dog Kidney Disease Diet
Even though dogs with kidney disease can eat almost anything in moderation (with a few adjustments discussed above), some foods are better than others for your dog (Yabuki et al. 2010).
You can use the above-mentioned guidelines to understand better how to make your own homemade kidney diet for dogs.
But here are some foods specifically that you should probably include and others to avoid altogether.
Foods to Include
There are many foods you can include in a dog kidney disease diet, but here are some ideas to get you started.
Meats
Include fatty meats like lamb, pork, or beef.
You can also include dark meat turkey or chicken since they contain more fat than white meat and dont avoid the skin as well.
Chicken has the highest amount of phosphorus of all these meats, so be careful with it.
Dairy
Dairy products can be included, but they must be given in moderation.
Use cottage cheese or ricotta cheese, and go for the low-salt option.
Yogurt is also good, especially if your dog also has digestive problems.
Yogurt has good bacteria, which can help regulate his digestion, but probiotic supplements will have a much higher concentration of bacteria.
Vegetables
Include cabbage in your dogs diet because it can be good for ulcers, which are a common occurrence in dogs with kidney disease.
Include other vegetables like asparagus, beet, broccoli, pumpkin, squash, celery, carrots, and other vegetables that contain fiber.
Fruits
Fruits like apples, mango, peach, pineapple, and pear are also good for your dog.
Cranberries are good for dogs that often develop urinary tract infections, and they can also be good for their kidneys.
Bananas are high in potassium, which is good for your dogs water balance.
Wheat/Grain
In this instance, white rice is better than brown rice because it is lower in phosphorous.
Most other grains should be avoided or extremely limited because of their phosphorus levels.
Pasta, especially if you add a bit of butter to make it tastier for your dog, is a great choice for a dog kidney disease diet-friendly meal with low-phosphorus calories.
Omega-3s
Fish oil is great for your dogs kidneys because it contains large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids.
Fish itself is also a great source of omega-3, but you should avoid fish with bones since bones are high in phosphorous.
Avoid fish liver oil as well. Coconut oil can also be good for your dog.
Treats
Dog treats are fine in moderation.
Make sure they are NOT a regular part of your dogs diet, and carefully pick those that are friendly for your structured dog kidney disease diet; choose healthy dog treats with beneficial ingredients.
Natural treats are good choices, too rice cakes, for example, are a great option you can give to your dog because they are low in phosphorous.
Other options
Adding a bit of alfalfa or kelp can also be good, but you should do it once or twice a week only because alfalfa can act as a diuretic, and kelp contains sodium.
Green tripe is an excellent addition to your dogs diet because it is really low in phosphorous, and dogs usually enjoy it.
It can even help anorexic dogs develop an appetite.
Foods to Avoid
Sodium (salt) is dangerous for dogs with kidney disease, and many vets recommend a low-sodium diet and generally carefully monitor your pet's salt intake.
However, removing salt from the dog's diet is also harmful to your Fido.
I would recommend a diet with a medium sodium intake, around 3.2 grams of sodium per 1,000 calories, which has been supported by studies mentioned in the above references.
Remember that reducing sodium should be done gradually, or it can cause dehydration or even a renal crisis.
Avoid vegetable oils because they are high in omega-6 fatty acids, which can be inflammatory and are generally not a good source of fat for dogs.
The same goes for fish liver oils, especially cod liver oil.
If your dogs diet is based on raw and meaty bones, you should consider lowering the amount of bone fed.
If your dogs kidney disease progresses, you should completely eliminate bones from his diet.
Bones are really high in phosphorous and other minerals, and that can be hard on a dog's kidneys.
ALSO READ:How to Feed Dogs With Renal Disease and Kidney Problems
Best Dog Kidney Disease Diet
When planning a diet for a dog with kidney disease, you can choose between homemade meals (see below), commercial dog foods, or a combination of both.
Discuss with your veterinarian what would be an appropriate option in your pet's case.
Some of the best dog food for kidney disease brands currently are:
Homemade Dog Kidney Disease Diet
Commercial dog food brands are an easier option, and most vets agree that it's the safest way to structure a dog's kidney disease diet because you don't need to do any guesswork.
However, if you'd rather cook for your pooch, then you can do that as well.
Whether you choose to feed your dog raw meat or cooked meat, making a homemade meal for him means that you know exactly what he eats and how much of everything he consumes.
I'll include my personal favorite dog kidney disease diet recipe below, but you can also take a look at these four recipes from Samantha (they have videos with instructions):
Ground Beef with Rice Recipe
This homemade kidney diet for dogs recipe is full of good protein sources and low in phosphorous, which makes it great for dogs with kidney disease.
Ingredients
- 2 pounds lean ground beef
- 12-15 egg whites
- 1 pound of green beans
- 2 cups of rice
- 2 of acorn squash
- 3 tablespoons coconut oil
- 1/2 cup of fresh parsley
- 1 apple
- Pinch of fresh ground pepper
Preparation
The first thing to do is to cook rice. Put it in boiling water and let it simmer for 15 minutes.
While the rice cooks, you can wash and chop the parsley.
When the rice is done, just add parsley to it and mix.
Cut the squash in half and get rid of the seeds.
Then, cut it into strips and peel the skin off.
Cut the squash into small cubes and put it in a pot with water. A medium pot filled to half is best.
Let the water boil, and then let the squash simmer for 20 minutes. Steam the green beans.
Fry the ground beef in a frying pan for 10 minutes and season it with ground pepper.
Let the meat cool off, and dont drain the fat.
When all ingredients cool off and become warm, put the squash, meat, and green beans in a blender or food processor and puree the mixture until it becomes smooth. Add the puree to the rice mixture. In the same pan where you fried the beef, melt the coconut oil, and then add the egg whites and scramble them for around 4 minutes.
Add the egg whites to the other ingredients and stir them in.
Let it cool off a bit, and serve it to your pooch.
Dog Kidney Disease Diet: Key Takeaways
- You can prepare a diet for a dog with kidney illness that combinescommercial dog food and homemade meals.
- If the main component of your dog's diet is raw, meaty bones, you might want to reduce the quantity you feed him.
- For your homemade kidney diet for dogs, meatwhether raw (safe) or cooked/preparedis always a fantastic place to start.
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